Agricultural mechanization perspective in Pakistan: present challenges and digital future

Agriculture constitutes a critical sector within the economic landscape of Pakistan, engaging 37.4% of the labour force and contributing 22.9% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), thus functioning as an essential element of the country's economic architecture and the sustenance of its citizens. The primary agricultural commodities, which encompass wheat, rice, cotton, maize, and sugarcane, occupy extensive tracts of agricultural land, thereby underscoring their paramount importance regarding food security, impacts on territory management and related landscape, as well as income generation through export activities. Despite its crucial role, the advancement of agricultural mechanization in Pakistan is significantly lacking, with the available agricultural power that is a little less than 1.6 kW ha^-1, which is below the minimum required farm power of 1.82 kW ha^-1. In this study, we seek to investigate the historical evolution, current scenario, and significant obstacles confronting agricultural mechanization in Pakistan, especially right now when innovative trends worldwide are pushing towards a progressive digitisation of the sector. Continuing with the conventional agricultural practices during the period of independence in 1947, the Green Revolution of the 1960s represented a crucial transformation towards mechanization, propelled by the indigenous manufacturing of tractors. Nevertheless, the pace of mechanization has slowed in recent years, primarily due to the prevalence of small farm sizes, economic constraints, and inadequate access to financial resources. While tasks such as land preparation and pesticide application have achieved notable levels of mechanization, fundamental operations including sowing, transplanting, weeding, and harvesting continue to be insufficiently mechanized. Significant initiatives, such as Laser Land Levelling in Punjab, show the considerable impact of focused interventions. To address the mechanization deficit, proposed strategies encompass the enhancement of local machinery manufacturing, the establishment of quality standards, the promotion of advanced imported equipment, an increase in farmer education, and the implementation of comprehensive government support through subsidies, tax benefits, and dedicated research and development efforts. A collaborative approach between governmental bodies and the private sector is imperative for fostering advancements in mechanization, thereby ensuring a more efficient, productive, and sustainable agricultural sector in Pakistan.